Given this understanding of Islamophobia as systemic, often state-sponsored racism intertwined with other forms of systemic oppression, anti-Islamophobia should:

a) not be premised on the expansion of structurally racist and rights-abusive institutions, such as counter-terrorism and policing, but rather rectify the racism embedded with them; and

b) center the experiences, perspectives, and interests of those most affected by the intersections of Islamophobia with anti-Black racism, anti-Indigenous racism, ableism, anti-migrant discrimination, and/or economic marginalization.

The following sections of this report cover: 1) perceptions of Islam and Muslims in Canada; 2) Islamophobia in media; 3) the prevalence of Islamophobic hate incidents; 4) Islamophobia in counter-terrorism laws, policies, and practices; 5) Islamophobia in policing; 6) the impact of Islamophobic laws on Muslim women; and 7) recommendations for addressing Islamophobia in Canada.